{"id":7404,"date":"2018-07-18T22:41:40","date_gmt":"2018-07-18T22:41:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/georgiawasp.com\/?p=7404"},"modified":"2018-07-30T01:25:55","modified_gmt":"2018-07-30T01:25:55","slug":"next-adventure-paddling-the-rideau-canal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/georgiawasp.com\/?p=7404","title":{"rendered":"Next adventure:  Paddling the Rideau &#8220;Canal&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/51\/Poonahmalee_on_the_Rideau_River_near_Smith_Falls%2C_Ontario.jpg\/1024px-Poonahmalee_on_the_Rideau_River_near_Smith_Falls%2C_Ontario.jpg\" width=\"568\" height=\"366\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>A 1906 photograph of the\u00a0<a id=\"yui_3_10_0_1_1531838744251_152\" class=\" ac-algo fz-l ac-21th lh-24\" href=\"http:\/\/r.search.aol.com\/_ylt=A2KIbNAXAU5bI.gA_x1pCWVH;_ylu=X3oDMTByOHZyb21tBGNvbG8DYmYxBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzcg--\/RV=2\/RE=1531867544\/RO=10\/RU=http%3a%2f%2fwww.rideau-info.com%2fcanal%2fhistory%2flocks%2fh32-poonamalie.html\/RK=0\/RS=gJkmXa71RBQul5m8j03GtehYPYY-\" target=\"_blank\" data-dbd=\"5b4e011818f20\">Poonamalie Lock Station (32)<\/a>\u00a0on the\u00a0<a id=\"yui_3_10_0_1_1531837542088_330\" class=\" ac-algo fz-l ac-21th lh-24\" href=\"https:\/\/r.search.aol.com\/_ylt=A0PDsB1l_E1b_1YA0GhpCWVH;_ylu=X3oDMTByOHZyb21tBGNvbG8DYmYxBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzcg--\/RV=2\/RE=1531866341\/RO=10\/RU=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fRideau_Canal\/RK=0\/RS=hCaBd9H3HWbbtocnYVkEqtliOn4-\" target=\"_blank\" data-c22=\"5b4dfc65aea03\">Rideau Canal<\/a>\u00a0in Canada&#8230;\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">* \u00a0 * \u00a0 * \u00a0 *<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Taking a break from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/georgiawasp.com\/?cat=5\">Politics<\/a>:\u00a0\u00a0My next big adventure is coming up in August.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright\" src=\"http:\/\/i1177.photobucket.com\/albums\/x350\/jbpermar\/Canoe%20trip%202014\/IMG_4329_zps7f7b5ddb.jpg\" alt=\"November 10, 2014 photo IMG_4329_zps7f7b5ddb.jpg\" width=\"252\" height=\"189\" \/>My Utah-brother and I will be paddling &#8211; some six to 10 days &#8211; up the\u00a0<a id=\"yui_3_10_0_1_1531837542088_330\" class=\" ac-algo fz-l ac-21th lh-24\" href=\"https:\/\/r.search.aol.com\/_ylt=A0PDsB1l_E1b_1YA0GhpCWVH;_ylu=X3oDMTByOHZyb21tBGNvbG8DYmYxBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzcg--\/RV=2\/RE=1531866341\/RO=10\/RU=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fRideau_Canal\/RK=0\/RS=hCaBd9H3HWbbtocnYVkEqtliOn4-\" target=\"_blank\" data-c22=\"5b4dfc65aea03\">Rideau Canal<\/a>,\u00a0from Kingston to Ottawa, Ontario.\u00a0<em> (This is the same brother with whom I canoed\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/georgiawasp.com\/?p=6315\" rel=\"bookmark\">12 miles off the coast of Mississippi<\/a>\u00a0in 2014, as seen at right\u00a0<strong> And<\/strong> 440 miles on the Yukon River.<strong>\u00a0 And<\/strong> hiked the Chilkoot Trail &#8211; &#8220;the meanest 33 miles in history&#8221; &#8211; and most recently hiked and biked 450 miles on the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/georgiawasp.com\/?p=6682\" rel=\"bookmark\">Camino de Santiago<\/a>.)\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">But don&#8217;t let the &#8220;canal&#8221; name fool you.\u00a0<em> (Or the photo at the top of the page.)<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">This\u00a0<a id=\"yui_3_10_0_1_1531837542088_330\" class=\" ac-algo fz-l ac-21th lh-24\" href=\"https:\/\/r.search.aol.com\/_ylt=A0PDsB1l_E1b_1YA0GhpCWVH;_ylu=X3oDMTByOHZyb21tBGNvbG8DYmYxBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzcg--\/RV=2\/RE=1531866341\/RO=10\/RU=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fRideau_Canal\/RK=0\/RS=hCaBd9H3HWbbtocnYVkEqtliOn4-\" target=\"_blank\" data-c22=\"5b4dfc65aea03\">Rideau<\/a>\u00a0&#8220;Canal&#8221;\u00a0is a\u00a0water route of &#8220;mostly<strong><em> natural<\/em><\/strong> waters, made up of lakes and rivers.&#8221;\u00a0 Of the 125 miles on this \u201ccanal,\u201d only 12 \u2013 about 10% \u2013 are \u201cmanmade locks and canal cuts.&#8221;\u00a0 The rest of the route consists of \u201cnatural waters,&#8221; as noted.\u00a0 That includes\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Big_Rideau_Lake\">Big Rideau Lake<\/a>, some 20 miles long and over three miles wide.\u00a0<em>\u00a0(For comparison,\u00a0<a id=\"yui_3_10_0_1_1531839356305_150\" class=\" ac-algo fz-l ac-21th lh-24\" href=\"https:\/\/r.search.aol.com\/_ylt=AwrJ7JV7A05bceIApy5pCWVH;_ylu=X3oDMTByOHZyb21tBGNvbG8DYmYxBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzcg--\/RV=2\/RE=1531868155\/RO=10\/RU=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fLake_Laberge\/RK=0\/RS=.zHrIlcvRDnjCKpKPO6E9WKOB_k-\" target=\"_blank\" data-77d=\"5b4e037bdec19\">Lake Laberge<\/a>\u00a0on the Yukon River \u2013 which we paddled in 2016 \u2013 is 31 miles long and up to three miles wide.)<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The direct route from Kingston to Ottawa is 125 miles, but that includes over 677 miles of shoreline.\u00a0\u00a0<em>(Most choose that route because the prevailing winds are from the southwest.)\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Also, from Lake Ontario at Kingston the route<strong><em> rises<\/em><\/strong> 166 feet.\u00a0 It rises to the &#8220;summit of Upper Rideau Lake,&#8221; from where it then descends 275 feet to the Ottawa River at Ottawa.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The canal <strong><em>system<\/em><\/strong> was built between 1826 and 1832, to help defend Canada by allowing boats to travel safely along the southern border.\u00a0 I.e., Canadians could travel along their southern border &#8211; the border with the U.S. &#8211; &#8220;<strong><em>without<\/em> <\/strong>having to travel along the St. Lawrence River, <strong><em>in gunshot range of the Americans<\/em><\/strong>.&#8221;\u00a0\u00a0<em>(And Donald Trump wasn&#8217;t even president&#8230;)\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The construction of the Rideau Canal was a preventive military measure undertaken after a report that during the\u00a0<a title=\"War of 1812\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_of_1812\">War of 1812<\/a>\u00a0the\u00a0<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States\">United States<\/a>\u00a0had intended to invade the <a title=\"United Kingdom\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom\">British<\/a>\u00a0colony of\u00a0<a title=\"Upper Canada\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Upper_Canada\">Upper Canada<\/a>\u00a0via the\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"St. Lawrence River\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/St._Lawrence_River\">St. Lawrence River<\/a>, which would have severed the lifeline between\u00a0<a title=\"Montreal\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montreal\">Montreal<\/a>\u00a0and Kingston.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/www.feelingoodtees.com\/Assets\/ProductImages\/PW_232_A8265E_OLD_RETRO.jpg\" width=\"167\" height=\"167\" \/>Then there&#8217;s this added note:\u00a0 &#8220;It is the oldest continuously operated canal in North America.\u00a0 Most of the locks are still operated by hand, using the same mechanisms that were used to operate the locks in 1832.&#8221;\u00a0<em> (Speaking of &#8220;<a id=\"yui_3_10_0_1_1531873464007_1485\" class=\" ac-algo fz-l ac-21th lh-24\" href=\"https:\/\/r.search.aol.com\/_ylt=A0geKeW4iE5b25IAuzZpCWVH;_ylu=X3oDMTBybGY3bmpvBGNvbG8DYmYxBHBvcwMyBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzcg--\/RV=2\/RE=1531902264\/RO=10\/RU=https%3a%2f%2fwww.merriam-webster.com%2fdictionary%2fretro\/RK=0\/RS=tHP1fPJgLgEqGBfFlliMjnB0GHU-\" target=\"_blank\" data-443=\"5b4e88b8afd5a\">delightfully retro<\/a>.&#8221;)<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">To give some perspective on how long such a canoe-trip can take, early<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voyageurs\">\u00a0<strong><em>voyageurs<\/em><\/strong><\/a>\u00a0could cover the distance\u00a0 in three days.\u00a0 <em>(But those were &#8220;very<strong> long<\/strong> days with lots of paddling.&#8221;)\u00a0<\/em> And that would include\u00a0<a id=\"yui_3_10_0_1_1531838422918_145\" class=\" ac-algo fz-l ac-21th lh-24\" href=\"https:\/\/r.search.aol.com\/_ylt=AwrEzdzW_01b8L0AYR9pCWVH;_ylu=X3oDMTByOHZyb21tBGNvbG8DYmYxBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzcg--\/RV=2\/RE=1531867222\/RO=10\/RU=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fPortage\/RK=0\/RS=obmmjpMsXOpqcXVZdqb7viRsEh0-\" target=\"_blank\" data-d4d=\"5b4dffd6cb8cf\">portaging<\/a>\u00a0around the areas that have since been made\u00a0locks and canal cuts.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Today the recommended pace is anywhere from six to 10 days, as noted.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">And there are 26\u00a0<a id=\"yui_3_10_0_1_1531700338126_727\" class=\" ac-algo fz-l ac-21th lh-24\" href=\"http:\/\/r.search.aol.com\/_ylt=AwrE185x5Etb51kAFgdpCWVH;_ylu=X3oDMTByOHZyb21tBGNvbG8DYmYxBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzcg--\/RV=2\/RE=1531729138\/RO=10\/RU=http%3a%2f%2fwww.rideau-info.com%2fcanal%2flocks%2findex.html\/RK=0\/RS=QWVcE_sI3oxmx_OVWu1EC4ZXOrM-\" target=\"_blank\" data-3af=\"5b4be4722f268\">lockstations<\/a>\u00a0to pass through.\u00a0 Those you can either portage around &#8211; like the early\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voyageurs\"><strong><em>voyageurs<\/em><\/strong><\/a>\u00a0&#8211; or pay a fee.\u00a0 They all have washrooms and potable water, and most offer camping.\u00a0 <em>(So it won&#8217;t be like\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/georgiawasp.com\/?p=599\" rel=\"bookmark\">canoeing 12 miles offshore<\/a>, featuring eight days of\u00a0<a id=\"yui_3_10_0_1_1531700626101_1482\" class=\" ac-algo fz-l ac-21th lh-24\" href=\"http:\/\/r.search.aol.com\/_ylt=A0PDsByR5UtbH.4AKVhpCWVH;_ylu=X3oDMTBybGY3bmpvBGNvbG8DYmYxBHBvcwMyBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzcg--\/RV=2\/RE=1531729426\/RO=10\/RU=http%3a%2f%2fcampingearth.com%2fblog%2fdos-and-donts-of-primitive-camping%2f\/RK=0\/RS=cF3ky9PltszIjmT4YK7tunZBhtk-\" target=\"_blank\" data-824=\"5b4be5922552c\">primitive camping<\/a>, on places like Half-moon Island, Ship Island, and &#8220;<em>from time to time an occasional salt marsh<\/em>.&#8221;)\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Other notes:\u00a0 The name\u00a0<i>Rideau<\/i>\u00a0is French for &#8220;curtain,&#8221; and comes from the &#8220;curtain-like appearance of the\u00a0<a title=\"Rideau River\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rideau_River\">Rideau River<\/a>&#8216;s\u00a0<a title=\"Rideau Falls\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rideau_Falls\">twin waterfalls<\/a>\u00a0where they join the Ottawa River.&#8221;\u00a0 And:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The canal also served a <strong>commercial<\/strong> purpose.\u00a0 The Rideau Canal was easier to navigate than the St. Lawrence River because of the series of rapids between Montreal and Kingston.\u00a0 As a result, the Rideau Canal became a busy commercial artery from Montreal to the Great Lakes.\u00a0 However, by 1849, the rapids of the St. Lawrence had been tamed by a series of locks, and commercial shippers were quick to switch to this more direct route.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Thus it &#8220;remains in use today primarily for pleasure boating, with most of its original structures intact, operated by Parks Canada.&#8221;\u00a0 But it&#8217;s not all fun and games, necessarily.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">One Canal-guide noted three possible issues:\u00a0 Wind, waves and big boats.\u00a0 As for the first, while the prevailing wind is from the southwest, &#8220;be prepared for anything,&#8221; including a change in wind from the northeast.\u00a0 Also, waves can be an issue on big lakes, &#8220;with large sections of open water unprotected by islands.&#8221;\u00a0 And such large waves &#8220;can be an issue for a canoeist.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The same is true of &#8220;big power boats (cruisers)&#8221; which also share the waterway.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">One idea (the guide said):\u00a0 Paddle close to shore.\u00a0 It&#8217;s more interesting &#8211; with more wildlife and such &#8211; and keeps you further from the waves produced by big boats.\u00a0 But if you encounter one &#8211; here I&#8217;m writing under the &#8220;memo to self&#8221; idea &#8211; the general rule is to turn into such waves, meeting them head on.\u00a0 This &#8220;can actually be fun in a kayak (not as much fun in a canoe).&#8221;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">I&#8217;ll be writing more on this adventure, if only in the form of a\u00a0<a id=\"yui_3_10_0_1_1531874481427_2366\" class=\" ac-algo fz-l ac-21th lh-24\" href=\"https:\/\/r.search.aol.com\/_ylt=AwrJ61mxjE5b5rkA.TFpCWVH;_ylu=X3oDMTByZnU4cmNpBGNvbG8DYmYxBHBvcwM5BHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzcg--\/RV=2\/RE=1531903282\/RO=10\/RU=https%3a%2f%2fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2fpostmortem\/RK=0\/RS=dAvRt.3_BWOzlblqwQ22NbEBzXo-\" target=\"_blank\" data-adb=\"5b4e8cb230703\">postmortem<\/a>.\u00a0 <em>(But not in the literal sense.)<\/em>\u00a0 Meanwhile, here&#8217;s hoping we don&#8217;t have to use <strong><em>this<\/em> <\/strong>little maneuver this August&#8230;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">* \u00a0 * \u00a0 * \u00a0 *<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/e\/ed\/Canoe-Step-14-Version-4.jpg\/aid1091855-v4-728px-Canoe-Step-14-Version-4.jpg.webp\" alt=\"Image titled Canoe Step 14\" width=\"530\" height=\"398\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">* \u00a0 * \u00a0 * \u00a0 *<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>The upper image is courtesy of\u00a0<a id=\"yui_3_10_0_1_1531837542088_330\" class=\" ac-algo fz-l ac-21th lh-24\" href=\"https:\/\/r.search.aol.com\/_ylt=A0PDsB1l_E1b_1YA0GhpCWVH;_ylu=X3oDMTByOHZyb21tBGNvbG8DYmYxBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzcg--\/RV=2\/RE=1531866341\/RO=10\/RU=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fRideau_Canal\/RK=0\/RS=hCaBd9H3HWbbtocnYVkEqtliOn4-\" target=\"_blank\" data-c22=\"5b4dfc65aea03\">Rideau Canal\u00a0&#8211; Wikipedia<\/a>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><em>Caption:\u00a0 &#8220;Poonahmalee, on the Rideau River, near Smith Falls, Ontario \u2013 October 1906.&#8221;<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>Portions of the text were gleaned from &#8220;Watson&#8217;s paddling guide to the Rideau Canal&#8221; (PDF), by Ken W. Watson, First Printing 2012, Current Revision May 2018, at pages 9-10, 17-18.\u00a0 The &#8220;wind, wave and big boat issues&#8221; are discussed on pages 13 and 14.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>Re:\u00a0 &#8220;12 miles offshore.&#8221;\u00a0\u00a0See <a href=\"http:\/\/georgiawasp.com\/?p=6315\" rel=\"bookmark\">Canoeing 12 miles off the coast of Mississippi<\/a>, from 2016.\u00a0 (It was a both a review of the 2014 canoe trip and a preview of last fall&#8217;s\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/georgiawasp.com\/?p=6682\" rel=\"bookmark\">Camino de Santiago<\/a>\u00a0adventure.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>\u00a0<\/em><em>The &#8220;retro&#8221; image is courtesy of\u00a0<a id=\"yui_3_10_0_1_1531953647481_145\" class=\" td-hu\" href=\"https:\/\/search.aol.com\/aol\/image;_ylt=AwrE187vwU9b0MsAjQdpCWVH;_ylu=X3oDMTByMDgyYjJiBGNvbG8DYmYxBHBvcwMyBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzYw--?q=delightfully+retro&amp;v_t=comsearch\" target=\"_blank\">Delightfully Retro\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0Image\u00a0Results<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>The lower image is courtesy of <a class=\" ac-algo fz-l ac-21th lh-24\" href=\"https:\/\/r.search.aol.com\/_ylt=AwrE1.Hrv09b8mwA4wlpCWVH;_ylu=X3oDMTBydDI5cXVuBGNvbG8DYmYxBHBvcwM2BHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzcg--\/RV=2\/RE=1531981931\/RO=10\/RU=https%3a%2f%2fwww.wikihow.com%2fCanoe\/RK=0\/RS=pRGGiORjCzf2Vet3Hal8nHgz4mM-\" target=\"_blank\" data-12d=\"5b4fbfeb878a3\">How to Canoe\u00a0(with Pictures) &#8211;\u00a0wikiHow<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A 1906 photograph of the\u00a0Poonamalie Lock Station (32)\u00a0on the\u00a0Rideau Canal\u00a0in Canada&#8230;\u00a0 * \u00a0 * \u00a0 * \u00a0 * Taking a break from\u00a0Politics:\u00a0\u00a0My next big adventure is coming up in August. My Utah-brother and I will be paddling &#8211; some six to 10 days &#8211; up the\u00a0Rideau Canal,\u00a0from Kingston to Ottawa, Ontario.\u00a0 (This is the same [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[11,9],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/georgiawasp.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7404"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/georgiawasp.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/georgiawasp.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/georgiawasp.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/georgiawasp.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=7404"}],"version-history":[{"count":45,"href":"http:\/\/georgiawasp.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7404\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7542,"href":"http:\/\/georgiawasp.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7404\/revisions\/7542"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/georgiawasp.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=7404"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/georgiawasp.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=7404"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/georgiawasp.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=7404"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}